On tipping points and feedback loops

Malcolm Gladwell popularized the concept of tipping points with his book The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Although his book was mainly dealing with pop-psychology, the utility of the term has led to its spread throughout several disciplines. But the arena where it has really come into its own is the environmental movement. Scientists have struggled to find a way to explain complex environmental changes in ways that will make them comprehensible to the layperson. The concept of tipping points is just such an explanation. Wikipedia gives us an example of how tipping points can simplify the understanding of climate changes:

A climate tipping point is a point when global climate changes from one stable state to another stable state, in a similar manner to a wine glass tipping over. After the tipping point has been passed, a transition to a new state occurs. The tipping event may be irreversible, comparable to wine spilling from the glass—standing up the glass will not put the wine back.
In much the same way as you can gradually tip a wineglass to the side, climactic or ecological changes can accumulate slowly. Once the tipping point is reached however, gravity or some analogous force takes control and the situation can change rapidly.

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The language of science is always so amazingly precise . . . except when it isn’t

The language of science is always so amazingly precise . . . except when it isn't. Consider, for example, the word "life." Scientists have long struggled to determine exactly what qualifies as "life." For instance, are viruses “alive?” In the October 23, 2008 edition of Nature (available only to subscribers online), an article titled "Disputed Definitions" considers other often-used disputed terms. The article is divided into sections written by specialists from the relevant disciplines. The subtitle of the article is "Nature goes in search of the terms that get scientists most worked up." Consider how often you encounter the following disputed terms. Consider "paradigm shift," made popular by Thomas Kuhn in his often-cited 1962 book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Kuhn argued against the then-popular view that science marched incrementally toward the truth. Sometimes, "normal science" doesn't explain all of the phenomenon, straining a prevailing scientific theory. If the strain of accommodating evidence is great enough "eventually some new science comes along and overturns the previous consensus. Voila, a ‘paradigm shift.’" The often-used term "paradigm shift" is used in at least two ways, however. In its broad sense it encompasses the "entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and so on shared by the members of a given community." In the narrow sense, it refers to "concrete puzzle-solutions." Another often-debated (and currently fashionable) term is "epigenetic."

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