Carbon-14 Itself Argues for an Old Earth

I was reading The Cosmic Story of Carbon-14 and had a thought involving the Abundance of the Elements and isotopes. We now know how the elements formed, and have measured their relative abundances for a while and across the universe. The theory of how they form matches every measurement. Basically, Hydrogen and traces of Helium have been around for over a dozen billion years. Heavier elements form when the mass attraction of enough hydrogen squishes a star's core to fuse together helium and some lithium, a star is born. All the rest form from the extreme compression and sudden release of supernovas. All that hydrogen and helium (basically protons and neutrons as there are no attached electrons at those pressures) are squeezed to dissolve into a quark soup then expanded and quick-frozen before they can push themselves apart. What is expected from this is an asymptotic curve of element abundances with hydrogen at the high end, and slight peaks forming at iron, xenon, and lead (particularly stable elements). This is what is measured in our solar system: Don't let the zig-zag pattern confuse you. Odd numbered elements are harder to hold together than even ones; each pair of protons needs a pair of neutrons to let them stick together. But odd numbered ones have that odd pair of singles; they are just less likely to form. But how does Carbon-14 fit in? What really freezes out from the splash of quark soup is not so much elements as isotopes. Every possible isotope forms in its proportional place along the curve. Then the unstable ones follow a decay chain until either they reach a stable element, or we measure them somewhere along the way. Uranium, for example, has 3 isotopes that last long enough to have hung around the 5 billion years or so for us to measure them. Technetium, on the other hand, is only found today as a decay byproduct from other elements. So back to carbon. The three most common isotopes of carbon weigh 12, 13, and 14 atomic units (aka fermion masses: neutrons or protons). C-12 is most of it, C-13 is 1.1%, and C-14 is about 1/1,000,000,000,000 part of it. Carbon 13 is an odd-numbered isotope, and therefore intrinsically rare. Carbon-14 has a half life of 5,730 years. So if it were created in the expected normal proportion to carbon-12 billions of years ago, we would expect to not see any left. Where it all comes from is recent nuclear collisions between protons (cosmic rays) and nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. (More details here). We see the amount of carbon-14 that we'd expect for a regular continuous influx of cosmic rays that we do measure. But if all the elements had been made 10,000 years ago, we'd expect about C-14 to be about 1/4 of the total carbon, not the mere 1/1012 of it that we know is produced by cosmic ray collisions. It turns out that comparing the abundance of isotopes of any element indicates the age of the planet to be between 4,000,000,000 and 5,000,000,000 years. But what (I can predict this argument) if God created the elements with the isotope distributions intentionally skewed to just look like everything is that old? The old God-is-a-liar and created the young world old to eventually test faith of careful observers argument. I counter this with:

Given God and the Devil, which one has the power to put consistent evidence in every crevice of this and other planets and throughout the universe for every method of observation in every discipline for all interested observers of any faith, and which one might inspire a few men men to write and edit a book and spread its message eagerly that can be interpreted to contradict that massive universe of evidence?

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Another batch of thought-provoking quotes

I don't write them; I merely collect them. There's no particular topic. These are some of the quotes I've enjoyed and collected over the past couple of months: "I like rice. Rice is great if you're hungry and want 2000 of something." Mitch Hedberg (1968 - 2005) "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his job depends on not understanding it." Upton Sinclair (1878 - 1968) “Tell people there’s an invisible man in the sky who created the universe, and the vast majority believe you. Tell them the paint is wet, and they have to touch it to be sure.” George Carlin “First they ignore you. Then they ridicule you. And then they attack you and want to burn you. Then they build monuments to you.” — Nicholas Klein Trade Union Address for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 1918 "A bookstore is one of the only pieces of evidence we have that people are still thinking." Jerry Seinfeld (1954 - ) "There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all." Peter Drucker (1909 - 2005) "Socialism never took root in America because the poor see themselves not as an exploited proletariat but as temporarily embarrassed millionaires." John Steinbeck "If you hate a person, you hate something in him that is part of yourself. What isn't part of ourselves doesn't disturb us." Hermann Hesse (1877 - 1962) "Be careful who you pick as your enemies as you have a tendency to become like them". Bill Russell/Boston Celtics "You don't have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them." Ray Bradbury “The world is a dangerous place. Not because of the people who are evil; but because of the people who don't do anything about it.” Albert Einstein “We are all born ignorant, but one must work hard to remain stupid.” Ben Franklin "I live on Earth at present, and I don't know what I am. I know that I am not a category. I am not a thing — a noun. I seem to be a verb, an evolutionary process — an integral function of the universe." ---Buckminster Fuller “Religion. It's given people hope in a world torn apart by religion.” ― Jon Stewart "Freedom isn't free. It shouldn't be a bragging point that "Oh, I don't get involved in politics," as if that makes you somehow cleaner. No, that makes you derelict of duty in a republic. Liar s and panderers The government would have a much harder time of it if so many people didn't insist on their right to remain ignorant and blindly agreeable." Bill Maher "We can do nothing of good in the way of regulating and supervising these corporations until we fix clearly in our minds that we are not attacking the corporations, but endeavoring to do away with any evil in them. We are not hostile to them; we are merely determined that they shall be so handled as to subserve the public good. We draw the line against misconduct, not against wealth." Teddy Roosevelt "It is not light that we need, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder. We need the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake." Frederick Douglass "Any American who is prepared to run for president should automatically, by definition, be disqualified from ever doing so." Gore Vidal (1925 - ) "You probably wouldn't worry about what people think of you if you could know how seldom they do." Olin Miller “Civil disobedience is not our problem. Our problem is civil obedience. Our problem is that people all over the world have obeyed the dictates of leaders…and millions have been killed because of this obedience…Our problem is that people are obedient allover the world in the face of poverty and starvation and stupidity, and war, and cruelty. Our problem is that people are obedient while the jails are full of petty thieves… (and) the grand thieves are running the country. That’s our problem.” ― Howard Zinn "That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence." Christopher Hitchens.

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George Orwell quotes

I decided to spend an hour collecting some of my favorite quotes of George Orwell. It's amazing how timeless he was, which is another way of saying that he understood human beings extremely well. Here are some of his quotes:

All the war-propaganda, all the screaming and lies and hatred, comes invariably from people who are not fighting. But if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought. Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. Early in life I had noticed that no event is ever correctly reported in a newspaper. Enlightened people seldom or never possess a sense of responsibility. If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear. We have now sunk to a depth at which restatement of the obvious is the first duty of intelligent men. Sometimes the first duty of intelligent men is the restatement of the obvious. In a time of universal deceit - telling the truth is a revolutionary act. It is almost universally felt that when we call a country democratic we are praising it; consequently, the defenders of every kind of regime claim that it is a democracy, and fear that they might have to stop using the word if it were tied down to any one meaning. Men can only be happy when they do not assume that the object of life is happiness. Nationalism is power hunger tempered by self-deception. One cannot really be a Catholic and grown up. People sleep peaceably in their beds at night only because rough men stand ready to do violence on their behalf. So much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot. Do remember that dishonesty and cowardice always have to be paid for. Don’t imagine that for years on end you can make yourself the boot-licking propagandist of the Soviet régime, or any other régime, and then suddenly return to mental decency. Once a whore, always a whore. The whole idea of revenge and punishment is a childish day-dream. Properly speaking, there is no such thing as revenge. Revenge is an act which you want to commit when you are powerless and because you are powerless: as soon as the sense of impotence is removed, the desire evaporates also. Sometimes the first duty of intelligent men is the restatement of the obvious. The real division is not between conservatives and revolutionaries but between authoritarians and libertarians. The aim of a joke is not to degrade the human being, but to remind him that he is already degraded. To see what is in front of one's nose needs a constant struggle. Speaking the Truth in times of universal deceit is a revolutionary act. The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns, as it were, instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish squirting out ink. There are some ideas so wrong that only a very intelligent person could believe in them. War against a foreign country only happens when the moneyed classes think they are going to profit from it. Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.

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