Killer High Heels

Today’s topic is high heeled shoes.  Why do women wear the damned things, I sometimes wonder.  Those women wobble around, they take longer to get from here to there, they often trip on small sidewalk imperfections, and they regularly fall and get hurt.

I will confess: my gut reaction is that a woman’s IQ relates inversely to whether that woman tends to wear accident-inducing high heeled shoes.  I think of women who flock to such shoes as women who aspire to become Barbies or Princesses.  Before you write a comment to protest, I realize that my gut feeling is a gross over-simplification.  I also have an analogous gut feeling with regard to men who aspire to higher forms of masculinity by rushing to engage in dangerous activities such as motocross or hang-gliding . . .

I never understood high heels.  Contrary to conventional wisdom, I don’t think that women who wear high heels are “hotter” than those who don’t.  To the contrary, I’m annoyed by high heels.  Most woman who wear them look uncomfortable, so uncomfortable that they become objects of my pity, not lust.  But many other men (and women) disagree with me.  For proof, take a look at almost any advertising (and see here and here and here (for 8” heels!)).

Because I appear to be obtuse regarding this particular slice of human sexual responsiveness (and a tad bit concerned about my lack of responsiveness!), I have chosen this subject of high heels as yet another port of entry into the compelling field of evolutionary psychology (I’ve written about evolutionary psychology and consumer issues before).

I’ll start things off with the downside to dangerous and uncomfortable high heel shoes.  It has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt that wearing high heel shoes contribute to numerous serious injuries.  Here’s a list of high heel shoe-related injuries published by the Mayo Clinic:

  • Corns and calluses. Thick, hardened layers of skin develop in areas of friction between your shoe and your foot.  . . .
  • Toenail problems. Constant pressure on your toes and nail beds from being forced against the front of your shoe by a high heel can lead to nail fungus and ingrown toenails.
  • Hammertoe. When your toes are forced against the front of your shoe, an unnatural bending of your toes results. This can lead to hammertoe . . .
  • Bunions. Tight fitting shoes may worsen bunions — bony bumps that form on the joint at the base of your big toe.  . . .
  • Tight heel cords. If you wear high heels all the time, you risk tightening and shortening your Achilles tendon. . .
  • Pump bump. Also known as Haglund’s deformity, this bony enlargement on the back of your heel can become aggravated by the rigid backs or straps of high heels. . .
  • Neuromas. A growth of nerve tissue. . .A neuroma causes sharp, burning pain in the ball of your foot accompanied by stinging or numbness in your toes.
  • Joint pain in the ball of the foot . . . This causes increased pressure, strain and pain in your forefoot. Shoes with tightfitting toe boxes can lead to similar discomfort.
  • Stress fractures. Tiny cracks in one of the bones of your foot.

High heels have also been linked to overworked or injured leg muscles, osteoarthritis of the knee and low back pain. You also risk ankle injuries if you lose your balance and fall off your high heels.  See here. High heels can even be dangerous, resulting in trips to the emergency room.

Rupert Evans, an accident and emergency doctor at University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff said injuries could lead to long-term problems. Women should stick to shoes with heels less than 4cm (1.5in) if they wanted to avoid a trip to hospital, he advised. Dr Evans said he has seen an increase in the number of women being admitted to hospital with injuries caused by the fashionable footwear. Injuries ranged from sprained ankles to broken bones and dislocations – and in some cases caused permanent damage.

What kind of permanent damage?  How about chronic knee pain, sprained ankles and back problems.

My interest in high heeled shoes was re-ignited when I started reading a brand new book by Gad Saad, The Evolutionary Bases of Consumption (2007).

I’m only about 75 pages into Saad’s book, but I am impressed with his scholarship and clear writing.  He has spent much of these first 75 pages making the case for the need to use the relatively new paradigm of evolutionary psychology when analyzing consumer spending issues.  The status quo among most consumer and marketing researchers is to ignore evolutionary psychology, but this quite often leads to an incomplete and erroneous explanation for consumer spending issues.

I’ll get to what Saad says about high heels in a second.  It is important to note that high heels are merely one of thousands of illustrations of consumer purchases that can be better understood using evolutionary psychology. Why are so many marketing researchers and psychologists ignoring evolutionary psychology?  Mainly because it’s a relatively new field, and most established researchers prefer to stay within the paradigms with which they are more familiar.  To ignore evolutionary psychology, though, is to have an unanchored and incomplete picture.

In many ways Saad’s book parallels arguments suggested by Geoffrey Miller (see “Shopping for Sex: wasteful consumerism and Darwin’s theory of sexual selection”).

Saad cites studies showing that 80% of shoe purchases are for sexual attraction.  It has been suggested that wearing high heels creates “the visual illusion of lordosis (arching of the back when a female is in a sexually receptive position) and furthermore accentuates the body curves that are particularly appealing to men.” (Page 75). Saad cites further research showing that a 2-inch heel results in a 20 degree “lift of the buttocks:

High heels may well be the most potent aphrodisiac ever concocted.  When worn by women, the high heels sensuously alters the whole anatomy-foot, leg, thigh, hips, pelvis, buttocks, breasts, etc…. men are perfectly frank in admitting that high heels stimulate their sexual appetite.  They seldom fail to express their predilection for them, and women, consequently, assign to stilted shoes all the magic of a love potion.

Saad recognizes that the wearing of high heels has been well-recognized by authors and songwriters over the years.  Women appearing in pornographic photos and videos and women who work as strippers often wear high heels.  Saad notes that dance routines performed by women wearing high heels “could be more safely and comfortably performed with less enticing foot attire.”  He cites studies showing that the economic cost incurred as a result of wearing high heels is $16 billion annually (“time taken off work to recover from foot surgeries, medical costs, etc.”). He cites further studies showing that

“for a substantial number of podiatry-related injuries or conditions, women outnumber men up to 40-to-1, with the suspected culprit in many instances being the wearing of high heels.”

Evolutionary psychology has a lot to offer anyone considering why women would insist on wearing such dangerous shoes.  It offers an explanation that is systematically anchored within human biology.  It offers “ultimate” explanations (why a particular behavior, cognition, emotion or morphological trait has evolved to its current form in a Darwinian adaptive sense), not only “proximate” explanations (how mechanisms operate and what factors influence the workings of such mechanisms).  Nonetheless, many scholars “have abdicated our biological and Darwinian heritage” to embrace an “all-encompassing standard social science model” (SSSM) obsessed with characterizing the brain as a “general-purpose problem solver” at the disposal of homo economicus (rational “economic” man) (Page 20, 31). This is true of many scholars in the field of anthropology, sociology and psychology.  These many SSSM advocates argue that

Culture cannot be broken down into smaller units of analysis.  It simply exists sui generis.  Second, social phenomena must be explained using units of analysis at the social level.  Hence, to try to explain a social phenomenon using the minds of those individuals comprising the group can lead to the onerous accusation of being a reductionist.  Third, by rejecting biology as an explicative force in shaping human behavior, SSSM effectively rejects the idea of a universal human nature.  Fourth, human behavior is thought to be unconstrained in its malleability as it is assumed that humans are born with empty slate or tabula rasa minds.

What are the major differences between evolutionary psychology and SSSM?

much of this theorizing within the evolutionary psychology framework seeks to address the ultimate origins of a particular phenomenon (i.e., the adaptive roots) whereas the SSSM has almost completely focused on proximate mechanisms.  Second, whereas evolutionary psychology posits that the human mind is comprised of domain-specific context-dependent modules, the SSSM argues that domain-general context-independent processes guide human behavior.

Evolutionary psychology has many successes to its credit.  It is thus easy to make the case that evolutionary psychology is being unfairly dissed by the establishment.  Here are some of the success stories:  evolutionary psychology has offered biologically anchored explanations for morning sickness as a natural and beneficial phenomenon, a naturally-occurring distaste for potentially harmful food occurring during the embryonic period when key organs are forming.  It has characterized fever as an adaptive reaction rather than something to simply bring down with aspirin (as many doctors still recommend.  See Why We Get Sick (1996), by Randolph Nesse, for this point).  Evolutionary psychology is completely comfortable with the findings that the demotion of one’s social status is a more dramatic punishment for men than women and that men are more driven to have multiple sexual partners than women.

Evolutionary psychologists don’t give that deer-in-the- headlights reaction to universal “cultural” findings, such as the fact that men possess a near-universal preference for women whose bodies adhere to the .70 waste-to-hip ratio.  When male CEOs tend to be taller than average men (and presidents, too), evolutionary psychologists roll up their sleeves and get to work—that fact doesn’t just sit out there like an intellectual singularity.  Evolutionary psychologists make good use of findings that sexual infidelity is the greatest threat to a man’s reproductive interests whereas emotional infidelity most threatens women.  There are countless other illustrations that evolutionary psychology has a right to sit at the same table as those who wear the SSSM hat.  My favorite example (from page 40 of Saad’s book) is the study that asked women to rate the pleasantness of the smell of T-shirts worn by men.  The study found that women who were in their periods of maximum fertility could somehow detect the symmetry of those men by smell alone– fertile women judged that the T-shirts worn by symmetrical men were more pleasant than those worn by non-symmetrical men.  What does SSSM do with a study like this?  It tucks it away as something curious, but fails to offer any all-encompassing biologically based framework.  SSSM often misses the boat where evolutionary psychology sets sail.

Evolutionary psychology thus appears to be a fruitful approach for examining the female use of high heel shoes, given that evolutionary psychology has often provided “ultimate explanations for universal, persistent, and seemingly unshakable sex differences in mating behavior.”  (Page 9)  Many universal “cultural” traits can be meaningfully anchored in terms of curious Darwinian “modules,” including survival, reproduction, kin selection and reciprocation.  (Page 15).  Despite the many successes of evolutionary psychology, most social scientists still adhere to “the foundational tenets of SSSM with its exclusive focus on culture, learning, socialization, domain-general mental mechanisms, and proximate issues.”

Why look at the decision to wear high heels shoes through the lens of evolutionary psychology?  Because “a great majority of our consumption choices are manifestations of our innate human nature, which has been shaped by a long evolutionary process.  Accordingly, evolutionary theory can enrich our discipline by proposing different ways for tackling existing phenomena and/or identifying novel research streams that might have been difficult to isolate without the appropriate evolutionary lens.

Saad is not arguing that evolutionary psychology should replace SSSM but, rather, evolutionary psychology can and should be consulted to complement existing research traditions.  Combining these methodologies into a multi-perspectival approach gives us a better all-around explanation. (Page 17).  It’s not that evolutionary psychology has all the answers. It’s getting clearer, however, that evolutionary psychology can often offer fruitful approaches to many problems to which SSSM merely shrugs. This is particularly clear in the issues raised by consumer behavior, the topic of Saad’s fine book as well as writings of Geoffrey Miller.

What would evolutionary psychology offer to the question of why women would wear dangerous shoes?  The hovers about the life-and-death struggle over mate selection (whether or not a woman believes she is interested in having offspring).  Just like the growth of the peacock’s tail, the choice to wear high heel shoes is a dangerous thing to do in one sense (it can lead to a broken neck at the bottom of a stairwell or a slower bird who is nabbed by a predator) whereas it is often enough an effective strategy for attracting a mate who is impressed with the display of physical prowess (whether that prowess is balancing on those little stilts or hauling around all of lots of long feathers).

It’s not that wearing high heel shoes automatically improves one’s chances for finding a high quality mate. It might do the opposite.  How’s that?

The mechanics of sexual selection (Darwin’s other theory of evolution) bring us full circle to my comment at the beginning of this post; my gut reaction to the thought of women wearing high heeled shoes is that those crazy shoes cause women to look clumsy, contriving or even desperate.  Perhaps I have this general reaction because so many of the women who wear high heel shoes are not sufficiently physically coordinated to take advantage of them.  Wearing high heeled shoes rather than flat shoes is a lot like choosing to run a high-hurdle race instead of a race without hurdles.  Wearing high heel shoes is putting on a more dicey display. It is taking a chance that one is sufficiently physically gifted (or practiced) to make the wearing of such issues look easy.  Men who find high heel shoes to be sexy accept the wearing of such shoes as a filter to separate women who are physically gifted from those who aren’t.  Those men are placing their bets that women who look comfortable wearing those crazy shoes will be better mates that will be more capable of producing and raising their offspring.

Many women are made to look foolish when trying to balance on those tiny heels, thereby diminishing their chances of finding a mate. They would have been better off not wearing high heels, at least leaving potential mates wondering whether they could have looked physically impressive had they worn them.  It reminds me of Ben Franklin’s famous quote: It is better to keep silent and be thought a fool than to speak and remove all doubt.”

What about those women who make it look easy to do high-heeled acrobatics?  Successfully wearing such shoes can serve as a truly noteworthy display of Darwinian fitness in the eyes of most men (maybe even me). Wearing high heels is the podiatric version of the peacock’s tail. The choice to wear high heels shoes is the decision to attempt a difficult maneuver with the hope that one will stand out in a good sense (rather than draw the pity of people like me). To wear high heels shoes proficiently is to put on a display of physical fitness that is not easily matched by most other women.  To wear high heels shoes well is essentially to perform the equivalent of a circus act-to walk on miniature stilts all day long at the office.  To wear such strange shoes as though it’s not a big deal is to get a “leg up” on the biggest life-and-death issue that any animal ever faces: the quest to transport one’s genetic essence into the next generation.

The battle is not necessarily over for women who master high heeled shoes.  Well, for some men, maybe it is over—for some men, the finessed use of high heels might serve as a token for a high level of general health.

For many of us men, however, life is not a one-sport display.  It is akin to a decathlon; there are many events to consider.   People like me need to see much more than the ability to balance on high heels.  I, for one, am more impressed with other types of physical displays.  There are many candidates, such as lack of fatigue, alert eyes, good hair texture, or the ability to participate in sports. Other men look to other types of displays for “sexiness,” such as a woman’s ability to run a company, play classical music on a cello or talk philosophy. Whatever form “sexiness” takes, however, evolutionary psychology digs deep for ultimate explanations—it seeks to anchor phenomena deeply into the only place that ever really could matter: into human biology.

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Erich Vieth

Erich Vieth is an attorney focusing on civil rights (including First Amendment), consumer law litigation and appellate practice. At this website often writes about censorship, corporate news media corruption and cognitive science. He is also a working musician, artist and a writer, having founded Dangerous Intersection in 2006. Erich lives in St. Louis, Missouri with his two daughters.

This Post Has 63 Comments

  1. Avatar of Erika Price
    Erika Price

    But intentionally or not, Jessica brings up another point (which Jason Rayl also mentioned): despite their harm, many intelligent, typically very thoughtful people opt to wear high heels (or get fake tans, or wear impractical suits, or whatever). When this occurs, do these otherwise very bright people fail to see the social and evolutionary factors at work and think they've chosen heels "just because" they like them? I think many people consciously choose otherwise senseless ascetics because they know it reflects well on them in everyone else's mind. I know of plenty of women that wear high heels in a professional/formal setting only because they think people would see them as sloppy (or "frumpy" as Jessica puts it) otherwise. But this factor just amounts to the majority enforcing an expected social norm (by, say, gossiping about or ridiculing the "frumpy" woman who wears flats).

  2. Avatar of Erika Price
    Erika Price

    Oh, and another tidbit that just occured to me: sexual selection cannot account for the popularity of Ugg boots or galoshes, both of which have become recently popular trends. Despite their popularity, the things look clunky and far from graceful, and certainly do not make a woman more sexually attractive. But in terms of dealing with snow and rain, they seem pretty practical. So what makes them so popular- the sheer substance of them as practical footwear, or the socially-promoted "trendiness" of them? Do women wear them because they keep their feet toasty and dry, or because many celebrities wear them?

  3. Avatar of Vicki Baker
    Vicki Baker

    Around here, Uggs are a surfer thing. That water's cold, so you need warm fuzzy footgear when you get out. Surfers are cool, so wear Uggs to be like a surfer?

    I wonder how EP explains why Chinese men found bound feet incredibly sexy for 1,000 years?

  4. Avatar of Erich Vieth
    Erich Vieth

    Vicki: EP would suggest that bound feet increase paternity certainty. The deformity keeps women from straying much beyond the family home. I never really thought of it being sexy, even from the perspective of a Chinese man whose wife's feet were bound. I looked this up on Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_binding) which suggests that the deformed feet themselves were not generally seen to be erotic.

  5. Avatar of Vicki Baker
    Vicki Baker

    The wikipedia article is sort of equivocal on whether bound feet themselves were seen as erotic or not. My info came from an NPR report:

    Certainly the "three-inch golden lotuses" were seen as the ultimate erogenous zone, with Qing dynasty pornographic books listing 48 different ways of playing with women's bound feet.

    http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?stor

    Do you know of a good summary of the actual research (like experiments with data) that's been done from an EP perspective, as opposed to just working backwards from observed modern phenomena and speculating on their evolutionary origins?

  6. Avatar of Nelson
    Nelson

    you got t be crazy Eric.. women in high heels are just so incredible good looking. Looking at the amercain pin ups, and high heels are so great.

    Some in bare foot or flat shoes are good looking as well, but there a lot that are not (short legs, etc.)..I aggree with Jessica where she says we like it, let's leave like that and not to find the reason or diminish women who wear high heels. Even though I don't think that is that much non sense to find out why we like women in high heels. But I just love it, and want to stay there…and 'm starting to like women in flat shoes or bare foot as well…

    Nelson

  7. Avatar of Jessica
    Jessica

    I guess it depends on the individual, as always. There are people (majority, probably) who seem to have no sense of individuality. These people will wear what ever is "in", and don't appear to have any opinion on whether it looks good or not. I find people who blindly follow "fashion" or "trends" enigmatic; I honestly can't understand what would compel someone to strive to look like everyone else.

    I've developed my own sense of style over the years, despite what the 'fashion experts' decide what everyone likes. The 80s meant a lot to me, the 90s were the ultimate fashion depression, and the 2000s are finally recovering from the 90s. But that's just my opinion. 🙂

    So, the majority (described above) probably lend themselves to Erich's theory; they're not aware of what they like or dislike, and rely on everyone else to decide.

    It's depressing, yes.

  8. Avatar of Lolla
    Lolla

    High heels make legs shapely, so every man love women in high heels. There are men who love to wear high heels.

    Lolla

  9. Avatar of Erin
    Erin

    Mid-way down the thread there was a quick discussion about behaviors men do to handicap themselves and still succeed, equivalent to women. Men don't have the extremes that women do because it's not what is being desired by their opposite sex. Research has found men rate “attractiveness” as the most important factor in determining the appeal of the opposite gender, while women rated “commitment” as the most important factor. Think about it, men have millions of sperm, women have a limited number of eggs. Pregnancy and child rearing is long and arduous, so women base more on longevity and security.

    This leads women to seek other things from a mate than their hair color and proportions. Women are looking for food, safety and protection. In Western culture having a nice car, expensive cuff links, etc is now a signal of security for women. Therefore, men don't have as many seemingly ridiculous ways to make themselves more physically attractive, they need to find ways to seem more secure and stable.

  10. Avatar of Tim Hogan
    Tim Hogan

    Erin, the women in my life have just wanted my body, not the one I have now but, the one I had then.

  11. Avatar of Joseph
    Joseph

    Then why do women RARELY pick the nice/smart guy? Instead they go for the loud annoying belligerent guy.

    This question has confused and annoyed nice guys for years…

  12. Avatar of Erich Vieth
    Erich Vieth

    Joseph: Loud and belligerent guys are displaying traits that could have made them successful in less civilized times. It's not like women who pick louts are being totally irrational. Loud and belligerent guys are sometimes pack leaders who control resouces. In many modern settings, though, they get left behind by others who are more social and intelligent.

  13. Avatar of Erin
    Erin

    Oh, interesting point! Back in tribal times there was a lot more on the line. Approaching other tribes could have been a death wish. The one who hangs back may survive, but rarely gets the resources. A man who can successfully navigate another tribe and threatening situations must have been quite the survivor – and provider. Possibly the best way to survive such situations was to be so over-the-top that the other tribe doesn't want to mess with you.

  14. Avatar of John
    John

    Off-topic, (though the topic IS interesting) but this tweaks my hackles:

    "they often trip on small sidewalk imperfections, and they regularly fall and get hurt"

    I suspect you mean "frequently" rather than "regularly".

    If you DO mean "frequently", do they fall every 27 minutes, or every Wednesday afternoon, or what?

  15. Avatar of Mike Martlet
    Mike Martlet

    Guys who don't like heels on women must mix in different circles to me, but then I don't generally sit in front of a computer screen answering blogs.

    When I and my work colleagues (I'm a University Senior Lecturer in Business Studies in the UK) are engaged in conversation, the conversation starts to falter at the approaching sound of high-heels and all the guys who are not talking start to look around whilst the one talking starts losing the thread and repeating himself!

    Men of my acquaintance notice heels; we can't help it, -the noise making devices demand attention with their "hey guys, -get a load of me" message of the wearer.

    I don't buy the idea that the majority of guys like women vulnerable and hobbled and in pain idea either, – real men don't need a woman to be helpless in order to bolster their masculine ego! When I was working in the City (London's Wall Street) we didn't call the successful "get ahead at any price" women "Spike Heeled Power Bitches" because they were vulnerable! It was out of RESPECT. Men respect power not weakness! The stiletto heel in particular may have been originally designed to look "dainty" and therefore suggest that the woman was light and fragile too, but it soon proved itself a destroyer of man made objects such as lawns, parquet floors, linoleum, tarmac pavements, ship decks, and even 50's aluminium aeroplane floors; not so dainty then!

    It's like the whole platform sole thing, these shoes with a decent height heel can raise a woman by 6 or 7 inches to tower over many men. They also almost seem to be designed to kick people and in the late 90's were reportedly used in muggings for pocket money as well as groin kicking for 'fun' of boys by girl gangs in some British schools.

    Stiletto heel shoes or boots teamed with long sharp pointed toes appear to make a woman more dangerous not more vulnerable, – its the male gonads that are vulnerable! All this adds sexual spice as the woman appears predatory and looks like she can give as good as she gets. This for me is far more appealing, who wants to make it with a pushover and a shrinking violet?

    Apart from the posture, gait and silhouette altering effect of high-heels, because of association with the sort of women who wear them, they have become sexual metaphors in their own right; the heel and the arch are even symbolic of both genders' sexual organs.

    For me the more dangerous a woman's shoes look, the better I like them.

    My wife who is also lecturer in IT and has an MSc and an IQ of 145, has worn heels all of her life and does so every day. Also, the female academics at my university who rise up the management tree, deans, assistant deans and pro-vice chancellors, also wear heels. All this seems to make a mockery of your assertion that the height of the heel is inversely proportional to the IQ of the wearer. I suggest that you do some further research into the psycho-sexual significance of high-heels before writing on this subject instead of using an emotionally centred personal opinion informed by a narrow circle of friends and acquaintances. You could start with perhaps the most powerful woman in the World, – Dr. Condoleeza Rice!

  16. Avatar of Erich Vieth
    Erich Vieth

    Mike: You've missed the entire point of the post. It's not that women wear high heels because they are vulnerable or weak or stupid. The challenge of walking in high heels well is an opportunity for women to display their exceptional physical abilities. It is that display (only when they walk smoothly and with confidence in those high heels) that compels men's attention and sexual interest.

    My post never suggested that women who wear high heels are actually less intelligent. That has been my "gut feeling" based on many of the media presentations of the types of women who wear heels. I'd be interested in seeing research on that issue, however. It might show no correlation at all. Your anecdotal stories about your wife and some women in academia are counter-balanced by other anecdotes regarding the types of women who enter beauty pageants.

    Condoleeza Rice?? Are you trying to prove that woman who wear heels are obsequious, disingenuous, and amoral?

  17. Avatar of Jason Rayl
    Jason Rayl

    Doctrinaire sexual politics aside, this isa really an aesthetic issue, and as such falls in the category of "different strokes for different folks." Aesthetic pose and response stems from many different sources, but in the end, once established, it becomes almost entirely a question of taste and beyond logical analysis….or dispute, for that matter.

  18. Avatar of Vicki Baker
    Vicki Baker

    Mike makes some very good points – dominatrixes usually wear high heels for instance.

    I guess long nails have a similar function – they can look threatening, but are actually incapacitating for most activities.

  19. Avatar of Erich Vieth
    Erich Vieth

    Spices are a good phenomenon to examine from both the proximate and ultimate perspectives. Why do people use spices? It depends on what you want to know. Paul Sherman, a professor of neurobiology and behavior, has studied spices from an ultimate perspective. Here is an excerpt from an article discussing his findings:

    "The proximate reason for spice use obviously is to enhance food palatability," said Sherman, an evolutionary biologist and professor of neurobiology and behavior at Cornell. "But why do spices taste good? Traits that are beneficial are transmitted both culturally and genetically, and that includes taste receptors in our mouths and our taste for certain flavors. People who enjoyed food with antibacterial spices probably were healthier, especially in hot climates. They lived longer and left more offspring. And they taught their offspring and others: 'This is how to cook a mastodon.' We believe the ultimate reason for using spices is to kill food-borne bacteria and fungi."

    Sherman credits Billing, a Cornell undergraduate student of biology at the time of the research, with compiling many of the data required to make the microbe-spice connection: More than 4,570 recipes from 93 cookbooks representing traditional, meat-based cuisines of 36 countries; the temperature and precipitation levels of each country; the horticultural ranges of 43 spice plants; and the antibacterial properties of each spice.

    Garlic, onion, allspice and oregano, for example, were found to be the best all-around bacteria killers (they kill everything), followed by thyme, cinnamon, tarragon and cumin (any of which kill up to 80 percent of bacteria). Capsicums, including chilies and other hot peppers, are in the middle of the antimicrobial pack (killing or inhibiting up to 75 percent of bacteria), while pepper of the white or black variety inhibits 25 percent of bacteria, as do ginger, anise seed, celery seed and the juices of lemons and limes.

  20. Avatar of Mike Martlet
    Mike Martlet

    Erich,

    I was discussing POWER not ETHICS.

    Not that it matters when discussing "power", but from your political standpoint it may be that you perceive Ms. Rice is those things, I on the other hand do not and have much respect for the lady, – as I did for Margaret Thatcher (although I did not always agree with her politics). However, I am forever a Utilitarian whilst you I suspect are of a rather stricter Kantian ethical persuasion. As an American (USA) you are also more likely to be influenced by your particular American 'brands' of the many factions of the Christian Religion. Whilst for me as a 'Brit', coming from a country that is shockingly secular and godless by your US standards, religion is a quaint archaic custom with a few interesting philosophical truths (do unto others etc.) that are good general maxims to try to live by but is generally anachronistic where issues such as gender and sex are concerned.

    This may very well account for a difference in perception on the original subject of this ‘blog’ on our separate sides of 'the pond'. Certainly on trips to the 'States' over the years, I have noticed that in the Midwest of the USA in particular, women who wear clothing and shoes that are sexually attractive are more likely to be spoken of as a "slut" or "hooker" than is the case on either the Eastern or Western seaboards of your nation and certainly more so than in Europe or the UK, where such attire is quite the norm rather than the exception.

    Your still predominant Anglo-Saxon-Celtic culture and language may have originated in these small islands, but we have, albeit only slightly, developed differently over the years.

  21. Avatar of Ben
    Ben

    "The media tells girls that math/science lovers are nerdy white males with pocket protectors, etc, and that girls ought to focus on looking like the women they see in magazines."

    "What I'm tired of is having people being so down on things like "accessorizing/cheerleading/having the lead in the school musical," as if these are inherently bad things, or done by people who are too intellectually incompetent to be pursuing loftier hobbies."

    "Sure, some girls may turn away from math because it's not "feminine" or because they'll feel they need to "dumb themselves down" to get a boyfriend (topics Danica addresses in the book). But what about the step before that–*why* should girls care about being "feminine" or getting a boyfriend anyway? Obviously, the book doesn't even try to tackle any of that, and some commenters have suggested that (as I asked Danica), she's simply reinforcing stereotypes rather than empowering girls."

    http://scienceblogs.com/aetiology/2007/07/followu

    http://scienceblogs.com/aetiology/2007/07/intervi

  22. Avatar of projektleiterin
    projektleiterin

    "The media tells girls that math/science lovers are nerdy white males with pocket protectors, etc,"

    Let's be honest, it's not exactly a lie either… coming from a girl who once asked the supervisor of her biotechnology class out. 😀

  23. Avatar of Martin
    Martin

    I may not be able to express this very well, so I hope you will bear with me and not claim to have scored petty points if I need to re-phrase my question.

    Erin said: Therefore, men don’t have as many seemingly ridiculous ways to make themselves more physically attractive, they need to find ways to seem more secure and stable.

    This was Erin explaining why men don't have such outlandish behaviours as wearing high heels. She is saying that guys are trying to send a different kind of message.

    This prompted Joseph to ask: Then why do women RARELY pick the nice/smart guy? Instead they go for the loud annoying belligerent guy.

    It is the two answers that Joseph got to this question that interest me.

    Erich said: Loud and belligerent guys are displaying traits that could have made them successful in less civilized times.

    Which is a reference to the fact that 10,000 years ago "loud and belligerent" would have been seen as a sucessful social strategy. But then Erich points out that: In many modern settings, though, they get left behind by others who are more social and intelligent.

    The conclusion is that this is no longer a successful social strategy. Which I would think is a good thing.

    The other answer Joseph got was from Erin, who said: In tribal times … a man who can successfully navigate another tribe and threatening situations must have been quite the survivor – and provider.

    Which is simply her own take on Erich's "loud and belligerent" response when she is clearly referring to "tribal times."

    So my question is: If this strategy was sucessful once, but is no longer, why is it offered as the answer to Joseph's question "Why do women do this now?" Surely these are answers to the slightly different question, "Why did women used to do this?"

    If being secure and stable is, as Erin suggested, a winning strategy for a modern male, then women should be selecting for that NOW. That women still go for Mr. Loud and Obnoxious, or even for Mr. Punch You strikes me as being totally bizarre. Where is the security and stability in being some one else's punch bag?

    My real point is that evolution is supposed to move inexorably on, and when a new strategy becomes sucessful is it not supposed to be selected for, so that members who employ that strategy come to predominate?

    Well it seems to me that Joseph's question implies that he is not convinced that this newly sucessful strategy of being stable and secure is being selected for. And I agree with him. And I also do not understand why an explanation of a previously sucessful strategy is supposed to answer his question.

    You can either have:

    1) "Secure and stable" is a sucessful strategy for the modern man, in which case "Loud and belligerent in tribal times" does not answer Joseph's question.

    OR

    2) "Secure and stable" is not a sucessful strategy.

    but it seems to me that you can't both have your cake and eat it.

  24. Avatar of projektleiterin
    projektleiterin

    A new study on high heels came out.

    A new study has found that wearing a pair of moderately high heels can tone the body, condition muscles and even improve a woman’s sex life without the need for onerous exercise sessions.

    Maria Cerruto, a urologist at the University of Verona who led the study, said she conducted her tests because she wished to tackle “bizarre” nonscientific theories blaming high heels for a range of ills, including schizophrenia.

    http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style

    I'm kind of entertained about this article, because I know this article she's alluding to that connects high heels with schizophrenia. Now Erich has even more reason to hate high heels. 😀

    Jarl Flensmark of Malmo says high heels cause their wearers to tense their calves in a way that normal walking never does. That could prevent neuro-receptors in the calf muscles from triggering release of dopamine, a compound necessary for mental well-being.

    "During walking, synchronised stimuli from mechanoreceptors in the lower extremities increase activity in cerebellothalamo-cortico- cerebellar loops through their action on NMDA-receptors," Flensmark wrote in a recent paper in the journal Medical Hypotheses.

    http://www.news24.com/News24/Technology/News/0,,2…

    <a>I also know the journal where this article was published. Oh, the world is so small. 😀

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